Time-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater during the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in the metropolitan area of Barcelona.
Identifieur interne : 000058 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000057; suivant : 000059Time-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater during the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in the metropolitan area of Barcelona.
Auteurs : Gemma Chavarria-Mir [Espagne] ; Eduard Anfruns-Estrada [Espagne] ; Adán Martínez-Velázquez [Espagne] ; Mario Vázquez-Portero [Espagne] ; Susana Guix [Espagne] ; Miquel Paraira [Espagne] ; Belén Galofré [Espagne] ; Gloria Sánchez [Espagne] ; Rosa M. Pint [Espagne] ; Albert Bosch [Espagne]Source :
- Applied and environmental microbiology [ 1098-5336 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
Two large wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), covering around 2.7 M inhabitants, which represents around 85% of the metropolitan area of Barcelona, were sampled before, during and after the implementation of a complete lockdown. Five one-step RT-qPCR assays, targeting the polymerase (IP2 and IP4), the envelope E and the nucleoprotein (N1 and N2) genome regions, were employed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in 24-h composite wastewater samples concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation.SARS-CoV-2 was detected in a sewage sample collected 41 days ahead of the declaration of the first COVID-19 case. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 genome copies in wastewater evidenced the validity of water-based epidemiology to anticipate COVID-19 outbreaks, to evaluate the impact of control measures and even to estimate the burden of shedders, including presymptomatic, asymptomatic, symptomatic and undiagnosed cases. For this latter objective, a model was applied for the estimation of the total number of shedders, evidencing a high proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals. In this way, an infection prevalence of 2.0-6.5% was figured. On the other hand, a proportion of around 0.12% and 0.09% of the total population was determined to be required for positive detection in the two WWTPs.At the end of the lockdown, SARS-CoV-2 RNA apparently disappeared in the WWTPs but could still be detected in grab samples from four urban sewers. Sewer monitoring allowed for location of specific hot spots of COVID-19, enabling the rapid adoption of appropriate mitigation measures.IMPORTANCE Water-based epidemiology (WBE) is a valuable early warning tool for tracking the circulation of the virus among the population, including not only symptomatic patients, but also asymptomatic, presymptomatic and misdiagnosed carriers, which represent a high proportion of the infected population. In the specific case of Barcelona, wastewater surveillance anticipated several weeks not only the original COVID-19 pandemic wave, but also the onset of the second wave. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in wastewater evidenced the efficacy of the adopted lockdown measures on the circulation of the virus.
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02750-20
PubMed: 33483313
Affiliations:
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sortKey="Guix, Susana" sort="Guix, Susana" uniqKey="Guix S" first="Susana" last="Guix">Susana Guix</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paraira, Miquel" sort="Paraira, Miquel" uniqKey="Paraira M" first="Miquel" last="Paraira">Miquel Paraira</name><affiliation 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Valencia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pint, Rosa M" sort="Pint, Rosa M" uniqKey="Pint R" first="Rosa M" last="Pint">Rosa M. Pint</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rpinto@ub.edu abosch@ub.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Albert" sort="Bosch, Albert" uniqKey="Bosch A" first="Albert" last="Bosch">Albert Bosch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of 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Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anfruns Estrada, Eduard" sort="Anfruns Estrada, Eduard" uniqKey="Anfruns Estrada E" first="Eduard" last="Anfruns-Estrada">Eduard Anfruns-Estrada</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Velazquez, Adan" sort="Martinez Velazquez, Adan" uniqKey="Martinez Velazquez A" first="Adán" last="Martínez-Velázquez">Adán Martínez-Velázquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vazquez Portero, Mario" sort="Vazquez Portero, Mario" uniqKey="Vazquez Portero M" first="Mario" last="Vázquez-Portero">Mario Vázquez-Portero</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guix, Susana" sort="Guix, Susana" uniqKey="Guix S" first="Susana" last="Guix">Susana Guix</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paraira, Miquel" sort="Paraira, Miquel" uniqKey="Paraira M" first="Miquel" last="Paraira">Miquel Paraira</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Aigües de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Aigües de Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galofre, Belen" sort="Galofre, Belen" uniqKey="Galofre B" first="Belén" last="Galofré">Belén Galofré</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Aigües de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Aigües de Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, Gloria" sort="Sanchez, Gloria" uniqKey="Sanchez G" first="Gloria" last="Sánchez">Gloria Sánchez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Valencia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pint, Rosa M" sort="Pint, Rosa M" uniqKey="Pint R" first="Rosa M" last="Pint">Rosa M. Pint</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rpinto@ub.edu abosch@ub.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Albert" sort="Bosch, Albert" uniqKey="Bosch A" first="Albert" last="Bosch">Albert Bosch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rpinto@ub.edu abosch@ub.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Applied and environmental microbiology</title><idno type="eISSN">1098-5336</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Two large wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), covering around 2.7 M inhabitants, which represents around 85% of the metropolitan area of Barcelona, were sampled before, during and after the implementation of a complete lockdown. Five one-step RT-qPCR assays, targeting the polymerase (IP2 and IP4), the envelope E and the nucleoprotein (N1 and N2) genome regions, were employed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in 24-h composite wastewater samples concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation.SARS-CoV-2 was detected in a sewage sample collected 41 days ahead of the declaration of the first COVID-19 case. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 genome copies in wastewater evidenced the validity of water-based epidemiology to anticipate COVID-19 outbreaks, to evaluate the impact of control measures and even to estimate the burden of shedders, including presymptomatic, asymptomatic, symptomatic and undiagnosed cases. For this latter objective, a model was applied for the estimation of the total number of shedders, evidencing a high proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals. In this way, an infection prevalence of 2.0-6.5% was figured. On the other hand, a proportion of around 0.12% and 0.09% of the total population was determined to be required for positive detection in the two WWTPs.At the end of the lockdown, SARS-CoV-2 RNA apparently disappeared in the WWTPs but could still be detected in grab samples from four urban sewers. Sewer monitoring allowed for location of specific hot spots of COVID-19, enabling the rapid adoption of appropriate mitigation measures.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Water-based epidemiology (WBE) is a valuable early warning tool for tracking the circulation of the virus among the population, including not only symptomatic patients, but also asymptomatic, presymptomatic and misdiagnosed carriers, which represent a high proportion of the infected population. In the specific case of Barcelona, wastewater surveillance anticipated several weeks not only the original COVID-19 pandemic wave, but also the onset of the second wave. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in wastewater evidenced the efficacy of the adopted lockdown measures on the circulation of the virus.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33483313</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>23</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1098-5336</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>22</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Applied and environmental microbiology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Appl Environ Microbiol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Time-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater during the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in the metropolitan area of Barcelona.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">AEM.02750-20</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1128/AEM.02750-20</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Two large wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), covering around 2.7 M inhabitants, which represents around 85% of the metropolitan area of Barcelona, were sampled before, during and after the implementation of a complete lockdown. Five one-step RT-qPCR assays, targeting the polymerase (IP2 and IP4), the envelope E and the nucleoprotein (N1 and N2) genome regions, were employed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in 24-h composite wastewater samples concentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation.SARS-CoV-2 was detected in a sewage sample collected 41 days ahead of the declaration of the first COVID-19 case. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 genome copies in wastewater evidenced the validity of water-based epidemiology to anticipate COVID-19 outbreaks, to evaluate the impact of control measures and even to estimate the burden of shedders, including presymptomatic, asymptomatic, symptomatic and undiagnosed cases. For this latter objective, a model was applied for the estimation of the total number of shedders, evidencing a high proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals. In this way, an infection prevalence of 2.0-6.5% was figured. On the other hand, a proportion of around 0.12% and 0.09% of the total population was determined to be required for positive detection in the two WWTPs.At the end of the lockdown, SARS-CoV-2 RNA apparently disappeared in the WWTPs but could still be detected in grab samples from four urban sewers. Sewer monitoring allowed for location of specific hot spots of COVID-19, enabling the rapid adoption of appropriate mitigation measures.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Water-based epidemiology (WBE) is a valuable early warning tool for tracking the circulation of the virus among the population, including not only symptomatic patients, but also asymptomatic, presymptomatic and misdiagnosed carriers, which represent a high proportion of the infected population. In the specific case of Barcelona, wastewater surveillance anticipated several weeks not only the original COVID-19 pandemic wave, but also the onset of the second wave. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in wastewater evidenced the efficacy of the adopted lockdown measures on the circulation of the virus.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chavarria-Miró</LastName><ForeName>Gemma</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anfruns-Estrada</LastName><ForeName>Eduard</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martínez-Velázquez</LastName><ForeName>Adán</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vázquez-Portero</LastName><ForeName>Mario</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Guix</LastName><ForeName>Susana</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1588-3198</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paraira</LastName><ForeName>Miquel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aigües de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galofré</LastName><ForeName>Belén</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aigües de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sánchez</LastName><ForeName>Gloria</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pintó</LastName><ForeName>Rosa M</ForeName><Initials>RM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rpinto@ub.edu abosch@ub.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bosch</LastName><ForeName>Albert</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8111-9059</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Enteric Virus laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rpinto@ub.edu abosch@ub.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Appl Environ Microbiol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7605801</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0099-2240</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>33</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33483313</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">AEM.02750-20</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1128/AEM.02750-20</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li></country><region><li>Catalogne</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Espagne"><region name="Catalogne"><name sortKey="Chavarria Mir, Gemma" sort="Chavarria Mir, Gemma" uniqKey="Chavarria Mir G" first="Gemma" last="Chavarria-Mir">Gemma Chavarria-Mir</name></region><name sortKey="Anfruns Estrada, Eduard" sort="Anfruns Estrada, Eduard" uniqKey="Anfruns Estrada E" first="Eduard" last="Anfruns-Estrada">Eduard Anfruns-Estrada</name><name sortKey="Bosch, Albert" sort="Bosch, Albert" uniqKey="Bosch A" first="Albert" last="Bosch">Albert Bosch</name><name sortKey="Galofre, Belen" sort="Galofre, Belen" uniqKey="Galofre B" first="Belén" last="Galofré">Belén Galofré</name><name sortKey="Guix, Susana" sort="Guix, Susana" uniqKey="Guix S" first="Susana" last="Guix">Susana Guix</name><name sortKey="Martinez Velazquez, Adan" sort="Martinez Velazquez, Adan" uniqKey="Martinez Velazquez A" first="Adán" last="Martínez-Velázquez">Adán Martínez-Velázquez</name><name sortKey="Paraira, Miquel" sort="Paraira, Miquel" uniqKey="Paraira M" first="Miquel" last="Paraira">Miquel Paraira</name><name sortKey="Pint, Rosa M" sort="Pint, Rosa M" uniqKey="Pint R" first="Rosa M" last="Pint">Rosa M. Pint</name><name sortKey="Sanchez, Gloria" sort="Sanchez, Gloria" uniqKey="Sanchez G" first="Gloria" last="Sánchez">Gloria Sánchez</name><name sortKey="Vazquez Portero, Mario" sort="Vazquez Portero, Mario" uniqKey="Vazquez Portero M" first="Mario" last="Vázquez-Portero">Mario Vázquez-Portero</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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